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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Contrainte holonome</span></h1>
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<p>En <a href="M%C3%A9canique_analytique" title="Mécanique analytique">mécanique analytique</a>, on dit qu'un système de N <a href="Point_mat%C3%A9riel" title="Point matériel">particules</a> est soumis à une <b>contrainte holonome</b> s'il existe une <a href="%C3%89quation_alg%C3%A9brique" class="mw-redirect" title="Équation algébrique">équation algébrique</a> caractérisant l'état du système, et dont les variables sont les vecteurs coordonnées <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de93eb4c8bca39012a94e9809c45d7fd677bf975.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.023ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> des particules, pour <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle i\in \{1,2,...,N\}}">
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<mo>,</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
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<mo>.</mo>
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<mi>N</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle i\in \{1,2,...,N\}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fa5d7ffd1d0cffe3dad27660db99b3953da57be9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.155ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle i\in \{1,2,...,N\}}" loading="lazy"></span>. On écrit cette contrainte sous la forme <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ f\left({\vec {r}}_{1},{\vec {r}}_{2},...,{\vec {r}}_{N},t\right)=0}">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ f\left({\vec {r}}_{1},{\vec {r}}_{2},...,{\vec {r}}_{N},t\right)=0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed43da3b04750153c05de27ee972d94074a79d53.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:23.863ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ f\left({\vec {r}}_{1},{\vec {r}}_{2},...,{\vec {r}}_{N},t\right)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Si les contraintes sont modélisées par un système d'équations de ce type, on parle encore de contraintes holonomes.
</p><p>Une contrainte qui ne peut pas s'écrire sous cette forme est dite <b>non holonome</b>.
</p><p>Si l'équation de la contrainte holonome dépend du <a href="Temps" title="Temps">temps</a>, (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial t}}\neq 0}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial t}}\neq 0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/945d0b108284b22355801623766e319cd740a9ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:7.694ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial t}}\neq 0}" loading="lazy"></span>), elle est dite <b>rhéonome</b>. Si elle n'en dépend pas, (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial t}}=0)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial t}}=0)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/078c999ff366f861d0a5f8caf954abb56f3c46d4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.598ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial t}}=0)}" loading="lazy"></span>, elle est dite <b>scléronome</b>.
</p><p>Mathématiquement, une contrainte holonome définit une <a href="Vari%C3%A9t%C3%A9_(g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie)" title="Variété (géométrie)">variété</a> fermée plongée dans l'espace <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {R} ^{3N}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {R} ^{3N}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a3ed0ae351bf51e2ff8e9a6b7c5fac141f1f4a5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.192ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {R} ^{3N}}" loading="lazy"></span> dans laquelle évolue le <a href="Syst%C3%A8me_de_particules" title="Système de particules">système de particules</a>. La <a href="Dimension" class="mw-disambig" title="Dimension">dimension</a> de cette variété est le nombre de <i>degrés de liberté</i> du système, i.e. le nombre de coordonnées indépendantes à considérer pour le décrire. En général <span class="texhtml"><i>K</i></span> contraintes holonomes enlèvent <span class="texhtml"><i>K</i></span> degrés de liberté, mais, suivant les équations et leur indépendance, il peut en être autrement (on peut ramener <span class="texhtml"><i>K</i></span> équations indépendantes à une seule équation si on le souhaite&nbsp;; ce sujet dans toute sa généralité relève de la <a href="G%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie_alg%C3%A9brique" title="Géométrie algébrique">géométrie algébrique</a>).
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemple">Exemple</h2></div>
<p>Les contraintes d'un corps supposé rigide sont holonomes scléronomes&nbsp;: pour deux particules quelconques numérotées <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ i,j}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ i,j}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/18bcc61d9773c334d4a959b7a5b19a646c34b9b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.375ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ i,j}" loading="lazy"></span>, il existe une constante <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ C_{i,j}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ C_{i,j}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70c8942b6ef7c409fcad0bf379f415f63851db67.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.177ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ C_{i,j}}" loading="lazy"></span> telle que l'on doit avoir <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|{\vec {r}}_{i}-{\vec {r}}_{j}\|=C_{i,j}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|{\vec {r}}_{i}-{\vec {r}}_{j}\|=C_{i,j}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/415e2fad379ecade1e99212cbff3028d65f4f7eb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.016ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|{\vec {r}}_{i}-{\vec {r}}_{j}\|=C_{i,j}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coordonnées_généralisées"><span id="Coordonn.C3.A9es_g.C3.A9n.C3.A9ralis.C3.A9es"></span>Coordonnées généralisées</h2></div>
<p>Le système étudié peut être décrit par d'autres variables que les positions spatiales de ses <span class="texhtml"><i>N</i></span> points&nbsp;: angles, positions relatives, etc. Dans ce cas, les nouvelles coordonnées utilisées sont appelées «&nbsp;<a href="Coordonn%C3%A9es_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralis%C3%A9es" title="Coordonnées généralisées">coordonnées généralisées</a>&nbsp;»&nbsp;; elles sont souvent notées <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ \{q_{1},...,q_{n}\}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ \{q_{1},...,q_{n}\}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2d7c1a1b92c13aa946dcff0cb670b094953e6484.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.422ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ \{q_{1},...,q_{n}\}}" loading="lazy"></span> et sont au nombre de <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ n\leq 3N}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ n\leq 3N}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7add6acde308b63d294b7cea78ce4d67ecdf88ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.3ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ n\leq 3N}" loading="lazy"></span>. On a <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}={\vec {r}}_{i}\left(q_{1},...,q_{n},t\right)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}={\vec {r}}_{i}\left(q_{1},...,q_{n},t\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7d1d11ea33c935525b4f5ccfe7c98eab1a3b9267.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.73ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {r}}_{i}={\vec {r}}_{i}\left(q_{1},...,q_{n},t\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>, et la contrainte holonome peut alors s'écrire <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ f(q_{1},q_{2},...,q_{n},t)=0}">
<semantics>
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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<mn>0</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ f(q_{1},q_{2},...,q_{n},t)=0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/293ade395094ced55bcff70de10e828f07261464.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.445ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ f(q_{1},q_{2},...,q_{n},t)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Le système des N points, évoluant dans l'espace de dimension 3, peut alors être considéré comme décrit dans un espace de dimension <i>n</i>.
</p>
<ul><li>Un système de <span class="texhtml"><i>N</i></span> corps ponctuels non soumis à une contrainte holonome a <span class="texhtml">3<i>N</i></span> degrés de liberté et nécessite donc <span class="texhtml">3<i>N</i></span> variables réelles indépendantes pour être décrit (par exemple&nbsp;: les <span class="texhtml">3<i>N</i></span> coordonnées des <span class="texhtml"><i>N</i></span> corps).</li>
<li>Un système de <span class="texhtml"><i>N</i></span> corps ponctuels soumis à <span class="texhtml"><i>K</i></span> contraintes holonomes indépendantes a <span class="texhtml">3<i>N</i> - <i>K</i></span> degrés de liberté et nécessite donc <span class="texhtml">3<i>N</i> - <i>K</i></span> variables réelles indépendantes pour être décrit&nbsp;: ce peut être des coordonnées spatiales de certains corps, ou d'autres données.</li></ul>
<dl><dt>Exemple du positionnement d'un triangle</dt></dl>
<p>Dans l'espace, un <a href="Triangle" title="Triangle">triangle</a> quelconque est déterminé par trois sommets (9 coordonnées: <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1}),(x_{2},y_{2},z_{2}),(x_{3},y_{3},z_{3})}}">
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<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mn>3</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1}),(x_{2},y_{2},z_{2}),(x_{3},y_{3},z_{3})}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53afa3e780be40a5a2c4ae24009c32b027aa892b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.838ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {(x_{1},y_{1},z_{1}),(x_{2},y_{2},z_{2}),(x_{3},y_{3},z_{3})}}" loading="lazy"></span>) et possède donc 9 degrés de liberté. Or, la forme d'un triangle non localisé dans l'espace possède 3 degrés de liberté, étant complètement déterminée par la longueur de ses 3 côtés (<span class="texhtml"><i>L</i><sub>1</sub></span>,<span class="texhtml"><i>L</i><sub>2</sub></span>,<span class="texhtml"><i>L</i><sub>3</sub></span>). La connaissance de la forme du triangle à positionner dans l'espace induit les 3 contraintes holonomes indépendantes suivantes (avec <span class="texhtml"><i>L</i><sub>1</sub></span>,<span class="texhtml"><i>L</i><sub>2</sub></span>,<span class="texhtml"><i>L</i><sub>3</sub></span> fixés)&nbsp;:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle {\begin{array}{lcr}(x_{1}-x_{2})^{2}+(y_{1}-y_{2})^{2}+(z_{1}-z_{2})^{2}=L_{1}^{2}\\(x_{1}-x_{3})^{2}+(y_{1}-y_{3})^{2}+(z_{1}-z_{3})^{2}=L_{2}^{2}\\(x_{2}-x_{3})^{2}+(y_{2}-y_{3})^{2}+(z_{2}-z_{3})^{2}=L_{3}^{2}\end{array}}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtr>
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<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi>y</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
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<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
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<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msubsup>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\begin{array}{lcr}(x_{1}-x_{2})^{2}+(y_{1}-y_{2})^{2}+(z_{1}-z_{2})^{2}=L_{1}^{2}\\(x_{1}-x_{3})^{2}+(y_{1}-y_{3})^{2}+(z_{1}-z_{3})^{2}=L_{2}^{2}\\(x_{2}-x_{3})^{2}+(y_{2}-y_{3})^{2}+(z_{2}-z_{3})^{2}=L_{3}^{2}\end{array}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6238c31a212ae6015d0e9781100c3eaaf2f3b8cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:42.705ex; height:10.509ex;" alt="{\textstyle {\begin{array}{lcr}(x_{1}-x_{2})^{2}+(y_{1}-y_{2})^{2}+(z_{1}-z_{2})^{2}=L_{1}^{2}\\(x_{1}-x_{3})^{2}+(y_{1}-y_{3})^{2}+(z_{1}-z_{3})^{2}=L_{2}^{2}\\(x_{2}-x_{3})^{2}+(y_{2}-y_{3})^{2}+(z_{2}-z_{3})^{2}=L_{3}^{2}\end{array}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ces trois contraintes retirent 3 degrés de liberté au système, lequel en compte maintenant 9 - 3 = 6. Dans l'espace, la position d'un triangle de forme donnée peut donc être déterminée par 6 variables indépendantes. Par exemple, on peut choisir 3 <a href="Coordonn%C3%A9es_cart%C3%A9siennes" title="Coordonnées cartésiennes">coordonnées cartésiennes</a> pour situer l'un de ses sommets, disons <span class="texhtml"><i>P</i></span>. À partir de ce sommet, on détermine la direction dans laquelle placer le second, disons <span class="texhtml"><i>Q</i></span>, avec un <a href="Vecteur_unitaire" title="Vecteur unitaire">vecteur unitaire</a> de <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f936ddf584f8f3dd2a0ed08917001b7a404c10b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> (cela correspond à 2 angles). Ensuite, on fait tourner le troisième sommet autour de l'axe (<span class="texhtml"><i>PQ</i></span>) pour déterminer sa position (cela prend 1 angle). En termes de coordonnées généralisées, on peut donc décrire la position d'un triangle quelconque dans <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f936ddf584f8f3dd2a0ed08917001b7a404c10b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.732ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}}" loading="lazy"></span> comme un vecteur de <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}\times S^{2}\times S^{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}\times S^{2}\times S^{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db90a7f9423a1797be6c0546907fdaa32ebb99df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.565ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}\times S^{2}\times S^{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>, où <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S^{n}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ee006452a59bf1eb29983b4412348b66517a2d23.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.74ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> désigne la <span class="texhtml"><i>n</i></span>-sphère, l'ensemble des vecteurs unitaires de <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n+1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n+1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ccea3976e1f8a1bb853c8ca00e52d518a3a4fe07.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.997ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n+1}}" loading="lazy"></span>. De même, comme la position de tout <a href="M%C3%A9canique_du_solide" title="Mécanique du solide">solide</a> rigide est déterminée par trois de ses points non alignés quelconques, elle est déterminée par 6 variables indépendantes.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Déplacement_virtuel,_forces_de_contrainte_et_multiplicateurs_de_Lagrange"><span id="D.C3.A9placement_virtuel.2C_forces_de_contrainte_et_multiplicateurs_de_Lagrange"></span>Déplacement virtuel, forces de contrainte et multiplicateurs de Lagrange</h2></div>
<p>Un <i><a href="D%C3%A9placement_virtuel" title="Déplacement virtuel">déplacement virtuel</a></i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(\delta q_{1},\delta q_{2},...,\delta q_{n}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(\delta q_{1},\delta q_{2},...,\delta q_{n}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ecdf64fee017519a53f7f7f6b172ad0e381db066.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:17.597ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(\delta q_{1},\delta q_{2},...,\delta q_{n}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span> est un déplacement instantané et infinitésimal du système de telle sorte qu'il vérifie toujours ses contraintes. Pour une contrainte holonome, on doit donc avoir <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ f\left(q_{1}+\delta q_{1},q_{2}+\delta q_{2},...,q_{n}+\delta q_{n},t\right)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ f\left(q_{1}+\delta q_{1},q_{2}+\delta q_{2},...,q_{n}+\delta q_{n},t\right)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f646f68a619e754af1b92ac811f4a4f8a3f9fa8c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.937ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ f\left(q_{1}+\delta q_{1},q_{2}+\delta q_{2},...,q_{n}+\delta q_{n},t\right)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, d'où, au premier ordre, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {\partial f}{\partial q_{i}}}.\delta q_{i}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {\partial f}{\partial q_{i}}}.\delta q_{i}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43844e5ff5070f0461dae44c3fa8c87d068d9e63.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:15.913ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}{\frac {\partial f}{\partial q_{i}}}.\delta q_{i}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p>On peut justifier que le vecteur <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial f}{\partial q_{i}}}\right)_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial f}{\partial q_{i}}}\right)_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4a3ccc17ccb478ae812d00853056f757c48f215.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:8.212ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial f}{\partial q_{i}}}\right)_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> est proportionnel à la <i>force de contrainte <a href="Force_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralis%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Force généralisée">généralisée</a></i>, associée à la contrainte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4d5ff7312a01506eee6ecea7dca662763a101c9d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.859ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ f}" loading="lazy"></span>, dont les <i>n</i> coordonnées sont <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ Z_{j}(q,t)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\vec {Z}}_{i}({\vec {r}},t).{\frac {\partial {\vec {r}}_{i}}{\partial q_{j}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<msub>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>q</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ Z_{j}(q,t)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\vec {Z}}_{i}({\vec {r}},t).{\frac {\partial {\vec {r}}_{i}}{\partial q_{j}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9df6a966b0521b45a3c869f73e867bc0eed56dca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:27.268ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ Z_{j}(q,t)=\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\vec {Z}}_{i}({\vec {r}},t).{\frac {\partial {\vec {r}}_{i}}{\partial q_{j}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> (proportionnalité justifiée par un raisonnement sur les degrés de liberté du système<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), le coefficient de proportionnalité étant nommé <a href="Multiplicateur_de_Lagrange" title="Multiplicateur de Lagrange">multiplicateur de Lagrange</a>. En cas d'existence de <i>K</i> contraintes holonomes, on peut justifier de la même manière que la somme des forces de contraintes est une composition linéaires des vecteurs, indexés par <i>k</i> = 1,2,...,<i>K</i>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial f_{k}}{\partial q_{i}}}\right)_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial f_{k}}{\partial q_{i}}}\right)_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb8ed0afabce2878cd53c217506068c2c09b6e8e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:8.603ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial f_{k}}{\partial q_{i}}}\right)_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span>, les coefficients étant nommés également <i>multiplicateurs de Lagrange</i>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemples_de_contraintes_non_holonomes">Exemples de contraintes non holonomes</h2></div>
<ul><li>Un corps M ponctuel dont les mouvements sont limités à l'intérieur d'une sphère de centre O et de rayon R vérifie l'inéquation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle OM\leq R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1">
<mi>O</mi>
<mi>M</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle OM\leq R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5397182eb2b4b699a8fb498162f2e55b0aa0809b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.507ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle OM\leq R}" loading="lazy"></span>, soit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle \|{\vec {r}}_{M}-{\vec {r}}_{O}\|\leq R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>M</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>O</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">‖<!-- ‖ --></mo>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle \|{\vec {r}}_{M}-{\vec {r}}_{O}\|\leq R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edb1483822de6a5bf348c4bdde974a9664a9aca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.919ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle \|{\vec {r}}_{M}-{\vec {r}}_{O}\|\leq R}" loading="lazy"></span>, ce qui est une contrainte non holonome.</li>
<li>Une masse ponctuelle attachée à l'extrémité d'un <a href="Syst%C3%A8me_masse-ressort" title="Système masse-ressort">ressort</a> vérifie la contrainte non holonome <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}}+\omega _{0}^{2}x=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>d</mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}}+\omega _{0}^{2}x=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b3bdd214eb2bf0368ccfd8dd456e823aa22cde33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:15.369ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}x}{dt^{2}}}+\omega _{0}^{2}x=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, avec <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}={\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>m</mi>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{0}={\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4949e44f7e8b28b77faafce9c399525330d391d5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:10.799ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}={\sqrt {\frac {k}{m}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2></div>
<div class="references-small decimal" style=""><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Chapitre I, <i>Complément 1.2</i>, p34-35 de <i>Mécanique&nbsp;: de la formulation lagrangienne au chaos hamiltonien</i>, par Claude Gignoux et Bernard Silvestre-Brac&nbsp;; éditeur EDP-Sciences, 2002, 467 pages <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">2868835848</span>)</small>.</span>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2></div>
<ul><li>Claude Gignoux et Bernard Silvestre-Brac&nbsp;; <i>Mécanique&nbsp;: de la formulation lagrangienne au chaos hamiltonien</i>, éditeur EDP-Sciences, 2002, 467 pages <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">2868835848</span>)</small>.</li></ul>
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